Ecologist James Koninga searches through the darkness of a small mud and thatch home in eastern Sierra Leone for a metal rat trap hidden beneath a collapsed bedframe.
The 62-year-old is part of a team of researchers studying Lassa fever, a fatal viral haemorrhagic infection spread by infected rats in various West African countries.
Koninga understands what is at stake, having spent a torturous 20 days in hospital with a Lassa-induced fever, headache, and diarrhoea as a young researcher 30 years ago.
“I thought I was going away, I was going to die,” he said.
Ten years ago, the haemorrhagic Ebola virus decimated this region, killing over 11,000 individuals in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.
Sierra Leone has not registered an Ebola case since the outbreak ended in 2016, thanks in part to vaccination efforts.
Scientists in Kenema district, an early Ebola epicentre, are utilizing lessons learnt a decade ago to try to halt the spread of Lassa fever.
Lassa, with an overall fatality rate of one percent, is far less dangerous than Ebola, which kills 50 percent of patients on average, according to the World Health Organization.
However, one in every five Lassa infections causes serious illness, with a 15% death rate.
While occurrences in Sierra Leone have mostly plateaued, researchers are reporting an expansion beyond known Lassa sites.
There is no legal vaccine and only limited treatment, and the scars of Ebola discourage many people from seeking early, life-saving care.
Living with rats
Monitoring the rodent population is crucial in remote villages like Mapuma, where some 20 houses lie enveloped by dense forest.
“Rats burrow inside the houses for shelter,” explained Koninga, donning a face shield and gloves.
Humans usually contract Lassa virus after having contact with the urine, saliva or droppings of infected rats.
“If people come in from the bush with cuts on them and lie on the bed, they could be infected.”
Proximity to the forest, rudimentary mud construction, and uncovered grain and water storage make the dwellings “five-star hotels” for rats, said Lansana Kanneh, 58, field supervisor at the region’s Kenema Government Hospital (KGH).
“Food is scarce for these people so sometimes they even eat the food that has been partially eaten by the rodent,” he added.
Trappers can find up to 20 rats per day in some villages.
After identifying if the rodents are the Lassa-carrying Mastomys variety, samples are collected for analysis.
The rats then receive an injection that prevents viral transmission before being released.
Lassa virus infects between 100,000 and 300,000 people annually in West Africa, killing roughly 5,000, according to the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.
However, the figures likely underestimate the true scale given surveillance challenges.
Admissions to the Lassa unit at KGH — Sierra Leone’s only dedicated treatment centre -– have declined in the past decade.
Patients normally arrive in the 14-bed isolation ward during the dry season from November to May, but this once-predictable pattern is increasingly uncertain.
‘Lassa blood’
“Now we see cases year-round,” said Donald Grant, head of the KGH Lassa fever programme.
The team are also noticing Lassa beyond traditionally endemic zones, with Grant suspecting an improvement in testing as well as deforestation driving rodents into closer contact with humans.
Over the past decade, KGH has also seen an alarming uptick in Lassa patient mortality, which now stands at over 50 per cent.
“We’ve seen a lot of these cases coming in in their late stages,” said Kanneh.
“Sometimes they only spend 24 to 48 hours in the hospital, and they die.”
Rapid detection is the key to survival, but non-specific febrile symptoms mean Lassa is commonly misdiagnosed as malaria, cholera or typhoid.
Hours-long journeys on dirt roads prevent many from seeking treatment.
As does the trauma from Ebola, which killed some 4,000 Sierra Leoneans.
“The community people thought that Ebola was brought by the health workers,” Kanneh said, explaining that a lingering mistrust contributed to reduced admissions.
A KGH team raises awareness in local communities about seeking rapid help and ensuring good domestic hygiene.
It is a message well-received by Musa Mosoh, a 53-year-old Lassa survivor who lost seven family members to the illness.
As the morning rain fell in his village of Panguma — a Lassa red zone — Mosoh recalled how his family had faced stigma from the community.
“Now… people have got the understanding we are not from Lassa blood, it’s just a sickness.”
Mosoh tells those with a continuous fever or headache to go straight to the hospital, and even keeps cats to repel any virus-carrying rodents.
Grant, the doctor, is hopeful of a vaccine in the next few years.
Participants in Nigeria and Liberia are currently being given the first-ever Lassa vaccine to reach phase two trials — the midway point of testing in humans.
But Grant still urges caution.
Ebola “taught us a lesson that we need not wait until that critical moment that it overwhelms all of us,” he said.
“We need to act now.”
